Waterproofing measures in ancient Chinese architecture

Modern houses have scientific waterproof and moisture-proof technologies. However, in ancient China, most houses were made of wooden structures that were prone to decay in humid air. Without modern technology, how did ancient people waterproof and moisture-proof them?

Drainage is an important issue that needs to be considered in building construction. In ancient times, there were many considerations when selecting city sites. It was necessary to arrange the water system channels of the city in a reasonable way, so that rainwater and sewage could be quickly discharged into large rivers, as well as special weather flood discharge requirements. For buildings, a reasonable drainage system can prevent water accumulation, reduce damage, and extend the lifespan of the building.

Nowadays, the Forbidden City in Beijing also has its own drainage system. Drainage issues have been considered in every palace courtyard, and drainage branches have been set up. There is a collection ditch under the palace wall, where rainwater from the north flows into the main ditch inside the Shenwu Gate and flows into the western moat. The rainwater from the south flows into the Jinshui River and then flows into the moat in the southeast corner. All channels in the palace have suitable drainage slopes, making the 70 hectare Forbidden City devoid of stagnant water, Ensure the dryness of the entire palace floor.

The roof is the load-bearing and enclosure component at the top of a building, and it is also the most direct building component that can be obstructed. It works together with walls and floors to form an indoor space, while also resisting the influence of natural wind, frost, rain, snow, solar radiation, temperature changes, and various adverse external factors on the building. In traditional ancient Chinese architecture, the most primitive way to block rain was through the use of roofs. In ancient architecture, roofs often use traditional methods such as adding various tile roofs on wooden or steel wooden frames, wooden purlins, and wooden watchboards, utilizing high ridges, steep slopes, and the slopes on both sides to allow rainwater to fall.

Rainwater will accumulate on flat ground, so the most direct way is to raise the ground to prevent moisture. A high platform foundation can keep buildings away from the groundwater level, making the ground dry and conducive to sunlight and ventilation. It is a simple and effective measure to prevent moisture on the ground, which has been used throughout history and has become one of the important characteristics of ancient Chinese architecture.

The ancients understood that eaves can protect walls, in order to reduce the risk of getting sick due to dampness. Profound eaves have always been a major characteristic of wooden frame architecture in China. The ancients had their own wisdom in building waterproofing. Although technology is advanced and building construction is more modern, waterproofing is still an important measure for residential use.